Progestins in Combined Contraceptives
نویسندگان
چکیده
1878-3317/$ e see front matter Copyright 2013, Ta http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jecm.2013.02.007 While the estrogen component of oral contraceptive pills is kept at 20e30 mg of ethinyl estradiol/day, attention in the development of new combined contraceptive drugs has been focused on the progestin component. Most of the antiovulatory effects of oral contraceptive pills derive from the action of the progestin component. The estrogen doses in these drugs are not sufficient to produce a consistent antiovulatory effect. The estrogenic component of combined contraceptives potentiates the action of the progestin and stabilizes the endometrium so that breakthrough bleeding is minimized. Besides the natural progestin, progesterone, there are different classes of progestins, such as retroprogesterone, progesterone derivatives, 17a-hydroxyprogesterone derivatives, 19-norprogesterone derivatives, 19-nortestosterone derivatives, and spironolactone derivatives. In addition to the progestrogenic effect, which is similar for all progestins, there is also a wide range of biological effects. The objective of this review article is to provide recent data on progestins currently available worldwide for contraception. Copyright 2013, Taipei Medical University. Published by Elsevier Taiwan LLC. All rights reserved.
منابع مشابه
Comparison of the Effects of Combined Oral Contraceptives Containing Progestins with Low Androgenic and Anti-androgenic Activities on the Clinical, Androgenic, and Metabolic Manifestations of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Introduction: Combined oral contraceptives (COCs) are commonly considered as the first-line treatment for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). This study aimed to compare the effects of COCs with respect to their progestin component on the clinical, hormonal, and metabolic outcomes of women with PCOS. Data were extracted by searching PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, and Google Scholar, without any time lim...
متن کاملComparative Study of the Effects of Combined Oral Contraceptives in Hemostatic Variables
Thrombotic risk is associated with the estrogen dose and type of progestin in combined oral contraceptives. Studies published since 1990 showed that third-generation progestins have larger risk to contribute to thrombosis development than the second-generation. However, there are conflicts in the literature regarding the thrombotic risk associated to the drospirenone progestin. So, this study a...
متن کاملTable 40. Effects of various progestogens alone and with a known carcinogen on tumour incidence in rats
4.1 Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion The disposition of various formulations of oral contraceptives used in humans differs. In general, both the oestrogenic and progestogenic compounds in combined oral contraceptives are absorbed by the gut and metabolized largely in the liver. A fraction of the absorbed dose of ethinyloestradiol and several progestogens is excreted in the bil...
متن کاملGestodene and desogestrel do not have a different influence on concentration profiles of ethinylestradiol in women taking oral contraceptives--results of isotope dilution mass spectrometry measurements.
OBJECTIVES A new method for the quantitative determination of 17alpha-ethinylestradiol-17beta (EE2) in serum is presented here based on the principle of isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) with [13C]EE2 as internal standard. The technique was used to determine the concentration profiles of EE2 in the serum of female subjects who had taken oral contraceptives with different progestin compo...
متن کاملThe state of hormonal contraception today: benefits and risks of hormonal contraceptives: combined estrogen and progestin contraceptives.
Discussion of effective birth control methods can be a challenging process for clinicians because the adoption and consistent use of contraception may be influenced by patients' fears, myths, and misperceptions. Over the years, new progestins have been included in combination contraceptives or are used alone to provide effective contraception as well as to decrease androgenic side effects and a...
متن کامل